Under the rule of the Mamluk State, Egypt became the capital of the Islamic world. After the defeat of the Mongols in 658 AH / 1260 AD by Sayfud-Deen Qutuz, Egypt became the cynosure and the crown jewel of the Eastern cities. The Egyptian civilization was meant to be at the hands of the Mongols. It was fated to reach the state of the Mongols that was known as the Golden Horde by the banks of the Caspian Sea, south of Russia. The Egyptian civilization was clearly evident in the Khanates Empire.

The victorious General Ruknud-Deen Baybars managed to render Egypt the seat of the Islamic Caliphate. He invited one of the members of the Abbasid family in Damascus and pledged allegiance to him as the Caliph. Ruknud-Deen Baybars invited Abu Al-Qaasim Ahmad, who was nicknamed “Al-Mustansir” to Egypt. However, Al-Maqreezi described the Caliph in Cairo as a figurehead with no real authority and settled for bearing the title “Commander of the Believers”. However, being the capital of the Islamic Caliphate, Egypt abounded with numerous manifest Islamic rituals and people adhered to the Sunnah of the Prophet, sallallaahu ‘alayhi wa sallam, even more sincerely. Religious innovations almost vanished from the country, which became the ideal place of residence for many scholars and the cynosure of virtuous men."

The Mamluk Sultans did not settle for their acclaimed victory in the Battle of ‘Ayn Jaaloot. Ruknud-Deen Baybars tracked the Crusaders in the Levant until he conquered some of its cities such as Caesarea, Haifa and Safed in the years 663-664 AH / 1265-1266 AD. The conquest of Antioch in 666 AH / 1268 AD was another deathblow to the Crusaders after the fall of Jerusalem to Salaahud-Deen in 583 AH / 1187 AD.
The Moroccan Islamic prominent scholar ‘Abdur-Rahmaan ibn Khaldoon described Egypt during the reign of the Circassian Mamluks when he came to the country in 784 AH / 1382 AD; he said, "I moved to Cairo on the first of Thul-Qi‘dah, where I saw the capital of the world, the orchard of the earth, the destination of people from all nations and races, and the beacon of Islam.

Egypt is the throne of the kingdom where the marvelous palaces, Khanqahs, and schools loom in its horizon, and its scholars shine like stars and full moons. He likened the Nile to the river of Paradise.” Then, he added, “I believe that during this reign of the Circassian Mamluks, knowledge, science and education are in the land of Egypt in Cairo due to its urban development and its deep-rooted civilization that dates back thousands of years. Therefore, its industries are skillful and flourishing, including the teaching of knowledge...”

During the rule of the Mamluks, the economic conditions of Egypt prospered. The Mamluk sultans paid great attention to agriculture as it was the main source of wealth and income to Egypt on which the Egyptians have depended since ancient times. They divided the arable lands into twenty-four Qiraats, the Sultan kept four Qiraats from which the needed expenses, salaries, and so on, are paid and ten Qiraats were allocated to the princes. The remaining ten Qiraats were allocated to the troops. Industry flourished in their reign and became of a high degree of quality and excellence. One of the most important industries in the Mamluk era was the textile industry: silk, wool, linen and cotton.

The Mamluk sultans did not spare any effort in encouraging trade and commerce through the Red Sea. They welcomed the Eastern traders who came to the Egyptian ports overlooking the Red Sea, particularly Aidab harbor. This harbor was described by the traveler Ibn Jubayr as: "The busiest port in the whole world, because the ships from India and Yemen sailed into and out of the harbor. Add to that, the ships that carry the pilgrims to and out of Egypt used the port as well.”

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