Judiciary in Islam: importance and seriousness

As justice is one of the characteristics of the Islamic judiciary system, it was necessary for a judge to have the means that ensure application of justice like consultation. The judiciary system had a prestigious and higher status among people.

The post of Crown Prince in Islam

The post of crown prince was one of the most important and dangerous developments in the Islamic political system. Its emergence was a result of the expansion made by the Islamic State during the Rightly-Guided Caliphs' era, with the diversity of races and ethnicities in the Islamic empire

Caliphate and viceroyalty in Islam: Linguistic and terminological concept

Police is considered one of the important offices in the Islamic State. Muslims have known the police system since the time of the Prophet and the Rightly-Guided Caliphs. Muslims developed conditions and criteria of choosing the chief of police.

Concept of caliphate and viceroyalty in the Islamic political system

The Islamic civilization has witnessed a unique development and evolution, contributing to human civilization more and more. Of such contributions is the unique political system, which has not been confined to individuals or groups and whose most important features are caliphate and viceroyalty (Imarah)

Conditions of Caliphate in the Islamic political system

Given the great importance of the Caliphate in Islam, Muslim scholars have developed a set of conditions that must be met by the candidate for this crucial position in the Islamic state. These conditions show the extent of progress to which the Islamic civilization has reached at the level of Islamic governance establishment

Methods of choosing a caliph in the Islamic civilization

The methods of choosing a caliph or the Muslim ruler varied in the history of Islamic civilization. Muslims did not adhere to one way of choosing a caliph. The selection of Abu Bakr al-Siddiq was different from that of choosing his successor `Umar ibn al-Khattab or `Aly ibn Abu Talib. And all these methods differed from that adopted by Mu`awiyah ibn Abu Sufyan.

Methods of selecting viceroys in the Islamic civilization

The Islamic political system is flexible. The manifestations of this flexibility appear in the methods of selecting rulers and viceroys – that is, the Muslims were not confined to one system. Rather, there were various ways and means of choosing viceroys. The way chosen by `Umar ibn al-Khattab was different from that adopted by the Prophet (peace be upon him) and the first Caliph Abu Bakr al-Siddiq

Bay`ah in Islam .. concept, significance and conditions

Bay`ah is a pledge of allegiance and obedience from the ruled to the ruler and carrying out the tasks of the ruler at the best possible manner. The Prophet (peace be upon him) and his Companions (may Allah be pleased with them) were keen on taking Bay`ah. For example, the Companions (may Allah be pleased with them) gave Bay`ah to the Prophet (peace be upon him) in the known Bay`ah al-Ridwan. The Shari`ah (Islamic law) put conditions for Bay`ah.

Bay`ah in different Islamic caliphate eras

Since Bay`ah (pledge of allegiance) was extremely important and a cornerstone in the beginning of power succession, it was not interrupted in Islamic caliphate eras and Islamic civilization. Even during the eras of weak caliphate institutions, Bay`ah was required and a prerequisite

Relationship between the ruler and the ruled in Islam

The relationship between the ruler and the ruled in the Islamic civilization was based on mutual respect. It was not similar that of the Roman and Persian kings with their subjects, which was based on oppression and tyranny and the division of the people into classes.

A civilized handling for the political discords in Islam

The Islamic civilization handled political discords from a different perspective which humans did not have before. It did not handle all discords with coercion and repression as was the case before, but it worked to fend every discord separately.

Shura in Islam… its concept and importance

Shura (consultation) is one of the important and the main pillars of the Islamic political system. Shura was not limited to the political system only, but it also extended to include all aspects of life. Therefore, the Islamic state might have preceded the modern democratic systems with regard to the necessity of unanimity over choosing the one who runs its affairs and cares for its interests.

Ministry in Islam…Concept, Importance

Ministry is one of the important and serious posts in the Islamic system. It witnessed a remarkable development in the Umayyad period. Many Muslim scholars and historians talked about the importance of this post in the Islamic political system and its related duties

Ministry in Abbasid and Andalusian eras

At the beginning of the Abbasid era, the post of ministry took a different form, as minister reached a high rank. One of the most famous ministers of the Abbasid dynasty is Nizam-al-Mulk, the founder of Al-Nizamiyah School. The ministry in Andalusia looked very similar to the “cabinet” in our present time.

Muslims' theoretical contributions to ministry

As a result of the emergence of the post of ministry in the Abbasid dynasty, some scholars wrote special books on the religious regulations and morals, which should be met by the one who assumes the ministry. Amongst the first to write on this were Ibn Al-Muqaffa, Ibn Abu Al-Rabi and Al-Mawardi

Diwan Al-Insha in the Prophet and Caliphs' eras.

Diwan Al-Kitabah wa Al-Insha (in English: divan of writing and letter-writing). Its main task was to draft royal orders and letters and to maintain the government’s records) was one of the important divans in the Islamic civilization. The Prophet (peace be upon him) was the first to have writers to write his letters.

Diwan Al-Jund wa Al-A’ta in Islam: Establishment and development.

Diwan Al-Jund wa Al-A’ta was concerned with the affairs of the military, such as listing the troops, distributing payments, and so forth. It was also concerned with the collection of land tax and distribution of charity money among people) for a number of reasons, including the listing of fighters and distribution of their payments.

Divan of endowments in Islam: Establishment and development.

The divan of endowments is a unique progress in the Islamic civilization over other civilizations. Endowment is the base upon which all charities in the history of civilization were established. It contributed remarkably to the renaissance of Muslim societies.

Divan of posts and correspondences in Islam

The Islamic civilization paid great attention to post (Barid) and communication systems, which were introduced when the Islamic state expanded and the need to establish an administrative system ensuring successful correspondences between the capital of the caliphate and other Muslim countries and cities, especially between the caliph and viceroys, increased

Bayt al-Mal: The Prophet and the Caliphs era.

Bayt al-Mal (State Treasury) is the foundation supervising all the revenues of the Islamic State and its different expenses. The revenues of Bayt al-Mal include Zakah (Obligatory Charity), Kharaj (Land Tax), Jizyah (poll tax required from non-Muslims living in an Islamic state), booty, spoils and the endowments. As it has a variety of revenues, Bayt al-Mal has also too many expenses such as the salaries of the viceroys, the judges and the soldiers and the expenses of the State offices.