Story Of Mongols

The incident that I'll be talking is the appearance of mega power in the 7th century of hijra (800 years ago), which led to huge changes in the whole world, especially the Muslim world.Allah has laws in this universe that repeat themselves day after day for us to learn from.

Appearance of Mongolians as a Super Power

At the beginning of the 7th century there were two major powers on earth, the Muslims and the Christians. We will look at the Muslim world first. Review map 1. The area Muslims controlled was almost half of the earth’s surface from west of China to west of Europe (Spain/Andalusia). But the state of the Muslim world was extremely bad, Muslims were fighting amongst each other, the economic conditions in most countries were very bad with high taxes and no service.

Mongolian's First Invasion

Genghis Khan decided to invade Iraq to take down the Abasseid kingdom and the best way to do that was to centralize himself in Afghanistan and Uzbekistan because of the vast distance between China and Iraq.

Invading Bukharah: 616 Hijra

Genghis Khan prepared his army once again and quickly entered the province of Kazakhstan.

Samarkand 617

After the Mongols invaded Bukharah destroying the buildings, schools, mosques and everything else, and killing thousands of people, they moved to the neighbouring city, Samarkand, also in Uzbekistan.

A shameful end:

Genghis Khan resided at Samarkand; he liked the gigantic city and had never seen one like it before. His first desire was to kill the leader of the country to facilitate occupying the rest of it.

Tragedy at Marw

This city is located in present day Turkmenistan, about 450 km west of Balakh. Genghis Khan sent a huge army that included some of his own sons in its leadership. Imagine an army fighting while terrified of their enemy. Their morale would be very low, defeat would barely be a surprise; and down came the great city of Marw. In it were over 700,000 Muslims

Invading Persia

The distance between this small force and the main force in Samarkand was over 650 km.Bear in mind the rough nature of this area plus the rivers that separate them between Samarkand and the Kazwin Sea, considered one of the natural obstacles.

Tartars head towards center and southern Afghanistan:

By the destruction of the provinces of Kharasan and Khawarizm, the Tatars now have controlled the entire north and parts of the center of the Khawarizmy kingdom.

The year 616 Hijra

Mongols back to Azerbaijan: Mongols went back to the province of Azerbaijan and towards the city of Moragha; they surrounded the city and started shooting fireballs all around it. The people of Moragha went out to fight the Mongols.

The year 620 of Hijra:

The Mongols continued their operations in the Russian Kingdom while Genghis Khan enjoyed full control of the Khawarizmy Kingdom.

The year 621Hijra

During this year Gayath Al-Deen tried to establish his control over Persia (west and south of Iran), but there was a trouble spot where there was resistance, and that consumed the whole year until the spot of resistance was divided between Gayath El-Deen and Sa'ad El-Deen bin Dickla, the leader of the resistance.

The Second Mongolian Invasion

The year 628 Hijra carried an even more horrific Mongolian attack on the Muslim nation. Many factors led to that invasion which might even surpass the first Mongolian attack (617-620) in its speed and viciousness.

The Mongolian Invasion from 634 to 649 Hijra:

After five years of preparation, Shormajan went around the Kazwin Sea from the west to head north to continue his adventures.

Third Mongolian Invasion

As soon as Minkokhan took the lead of the Mongolian Kingdom, he started thinking of taking the Abassy Kingdom down.

The Third Aspect

One of Mongols famous ways to scare Muslims was to send threat messages to kings and leaders, who would foolishly expose these ridiculous messages to people. They even used some Muslim writers to compose letter and poems that show the greatness of Mongols. Their messages contained false information like: Mongols are believers; they believe in the Qur’an, they only came to liberate Iraq and let people taste freedom! Here is an example of one of those messages:

The Fall of Baghdad

In a historical meeting, Holako and his war committee drew the plan to invade Baghdad. They were cautious about the Muslims in their army, so they were watched over in case they decided to betray the Mongols.

Beginning of the siege around Baghdad:

Suddenly, the Mongolian army, under Holako, appeared at the eastern fences of the great city, on the 12th day of Muharam, 656 hijra. At the same time, Katbagha had made it to the southeastern side of the city, with the left wing of the army.

The Final Negotiations

By the end of the fourth day of Safar, the eastern fences started to fall, with it, the Kaliph's spirits were falling as well. His top adviser recommended that the caliphate should personally go out and meet with Holako to discuss the situation.And that’s what happened. Messengers went to Holako to tell him about the Caliph’s visit; Holako ordered his messengersto inform the caliphate that he’s not to come alone, but, to bring along his ministers, top advisers, Muslim scholars, rich merchants and heads of state, for these negotiations were to include everybody.

The Library of Baghdad

For five centuries this library was maintained to be the greatest house of knowledge. The Abassy Caliph Haroun Al-Rasheed, who governed from 170 to 193 hijra, established it.Then it bloomed at the time of Al-Mamoun from 198 to 218 hijra. Afterwards, Abassy Caliphs kept adding to it more and more books and rare publications.